Blockchain nodes do not connect to every other node. Instead, each node maintains a limited number of connections to a small set of peers that relay new transactions and blocks. An eclipse attack takes advantage of this limited connectivity.
An attacker typically deploys many nodes across different IP addresses and then works to occupy all of the victim’s available connection slots. This can involve flooding the target with connection requests or waiting for the node to restart, at which point it may reconnect to attacker-controlled peers. If the attempt succeeds, every inbound and outbound connection of the victim node runs through the attacker.
With the node surrounded, the attacker can delay or hide new blocks, withhold transactions, or present an alternative version of the chain. From the outside, nothing looks wrong, which is part of what makes the attack difficult to detect.
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