TL;DR
When you’re trading stocks or cryptocurrency, you interact with the market by placing orders:
A market order is an instruction to buy or sell immediately (at the market’s current price).
A limit order is an instruction to wait until the price hits a limit or better price before being executed
That’s orders in a nutshell. Of course, each of these two categories has different variations that do different things, depending on how you want to trade. Curious? Read on.
Introduction
Signed up for an exchange, and wondering what all the different buttons do? Maybe you’ve finished your rewatch of Wall Street, and you’re trying to better understand how stock markets work?
In the following article, we’ll dissect orders: the instructions you send to an exchange to buy and sell assets. As we’ll see shortly, there are two main types: limit orders and market orders. However, these are merely qualities used to describe an assortment of commands.
Let’s get into it.
Market order vs. limit orders
Market orders are orders that you would expect to execute immediately. Essentially, they say at the current price, do x. Suppose you’re on Binance, you want to buy 3 BTC, and Bitcoin is trading at $15,000. You’re happy paying $45,000 for the coins and don’t want to wait for prices to drop lower, so you place a buy market order.
Who’s selling the coins, you ask? We need to look at the order book to figure that out. This is where the exchange keeps a big list of limit orders, which are simply orders that aren’t executed immediately. These might say something like at y price, do x.
For the sake of this example, another user might have placed an order earlier telling the exchange to sell 3 BTC when the price hits $15,000. So, when you place your market order, the exchange matches it with the book’s limit order.
Effectively, you haven’t created an order – instead, you’ve filled an existing one, removing it from the order book. This makes you a taker because you’ve taken some of the exchange’s liquidity away. The other user, however, is a maker because they’ve added to it. Typically, you enjoy lower fees as a maker, because you’re providing a benefit to the exchange.
The relationship between these two players is explored in more detail in Market Makers and Market Takers, Explained. Check it out if you want a better understanding of how exchanges work.
What you need to know about market orders
The basic kinds of market orders are buy and sell ones. You instruct the exchange to make a transaction at the best available price. Note that the best available price isn’t always the current value displayed – it depends on the order book, so you could end up executing your trade at a slightly different rate.
Market orders are good for instant (or near-instant) transactions. That’s about it, though. Fees incurred from slippage and the exchange mean that the same trade would have been cheaper if done with a limit order.
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Common types of orders
The simplest orders are buy market orders, sell market orders, buy limit orders, and sell limit orders. If you stuck solely to these, though, you’d find yourself with a somewhat restricted trading experience. Instead, you can build on top of these to take advantage of market conditions, whether in short-term or long-term setups.
Stop-limit orders
Stop-limit orders are good tools for limiting the losses you may incur in a trade. This type of order allows you to set a stop price and a limit price. If BTC was trading at $10,000 and you set up a stop-limit order at a stop price of $9,900 and a limit price of $9,895. Then a limit order at $9,895 will be placed when the price dips from $10,000 to $9,900.
However, the order is only placed after the stop price is hit. You do still run the risk of the price not recovering, in which case you have no protection if it continues to dip below $9,985, and the order may not be filled.
One-cancels-the-other (OCO) orders
A “one cancels the other” (OCO) order is a sophisticated tool that allows you to combine two conditional orders. As soon as one is triggered, the other is canceled. If we take the BTC at $10,000 example, you could use an OCO order to either buy Bitcoin when the price reaches $9,900 or to sell it when the price rises to $11,000. One of these two will be executed first, meaning that the second one is automatically canceled.
What’s time in force?
Another important concept to understand when talking about orders is time in force. This is a parameter that you specify when opening a trade, dictating the conditions for its expiry.
Good ‘til canceled (GTC)
Good ‘til canceled (GTC) is an instruction stipulating that a trade should be kept open until it’s either executed or manually canceled. Generally, cryptocurrency trading platforms default to this option.
In stock markets, a common alternative is to close the order at the end of the trading day. Because crypto markets operate 24/7, however, GTC is more prevalent.
Immediate or cancel (IOC)
Immediate or cancel (IOC) orders stipulate that any part of the order that isn’t immediately filled must be canceled. Suppose you submit an order to buy 10 BTC at $10,000, but you can only get 5 BTC at that execution price. In that case, you would purchase those 5 BTC, and the rest of the order would be closed.
Fill or kill (FOK)
Fill or kill (FOK) orders are either filled immediately, or they’re killed (canceled). If your order instructed the exchange to buy 10 BTC at $10,000, it wouldn’t partially fill. If the entire order of 10 BTC isn’t immediately available at that price, it will be canceled.
Closing thoughts
Mastering the types of orders is vital to good trading. Whether you want to use stop orders to limit the potential for loss, or OCO orders to plan for different outcomes simultaneously, being aware of the trading tools available to you is essential.