EIP-4844

Intermediate
Update shuda Sep 14, 2026

What Is EIP-4844?

EIP-4844 is the Ethereum Improvement Proposal for proto-danksharding, an upgrade that introduced blob-carrying transactions to reduce data costs and improve scalability for Layer 2 networks.
Implemented in March 2024 as part of the Cancun upgrade, EIP-4844 adds a new transaction type that attaches large data blobs to blocks. These blobs are not accessible to the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and are automatically deleted after approximately 18 days, making them a cost-effective way to carry transaction data for Layer 2 rollups.

How EIP-4844 Works

Before EIP-4844, Layer 2 rollups posted all transaction data as regular Ethereum calldata, which competed with standard transactions for block space and drove up fees. EIP-4844 solved this by introducing a separate, cheaper data layer using blobs (binary large objects).

Rollups post their transaction data into blobs along with a KZG polynomial commitment, which allows validators to verify the data efficiently without processing it in full. This separation means blob data does not burden the EVM, keeping the main network running smoothly while reducing costs for rollup users.

Why EIP-4844 Matters

The introduction of blob-carrying transactions has had a notable impact on Ethereum Layer 2 networks. By reducing the cost of posting data to the base layer, EIP-4844 has lowered transaction fees for users of rollups such as Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync. This makes decentralized applications built on Layer 2 more accessible to a wider range of users.

The KZG commitment ceremony, which concluded with over 140,000 contributions, was a critical step in enabling secure blob verification. 

KZG Ceremony for EIP- 4844. Source

This collaborative cryptographic process ensured that the system could trust the integrity of blob data without relying on a centralized party.

EIP-4844 also serves as a practical bridge between Ethereum’s current capabilities and the future vision of full danksharding. Although full danksharding is not yet a reality, proto-danksharding introduces the data structures and economic mechanisms that full danksharding will build upon, allowing developers and users to benefit from reduced costs in the interim.

Learn more: What Is EIP-4844 in Ethereum and How Can It Benefit Users?
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