An initial public offering (IPO) is the moment a private company first offers its shares to the public. This process is sometimes informally called "going public."
Companies often pursue an IPO to raise capital for growth, allow early stakeholders to sell part of their holdings, or increase their public profile. Startups and expanding businesses in need of funding may choose this route to support further development.
Before going public, a company typically forms a team of financial and regulatory experts to prepare and audit the necessary documentation. An investment bank usually acts as an underwriter, helping to set an initial share price and manage the sale. The offering generally needs to be reviewed by the relevant securities regulator before trading can begin.
There can also be drawbacks. After an IPO, a company is often evaluated mainly on its share price, which may not fully reflect its underlying performance. Public companies also face ongoing reporting requirements and greater scrutiny from investors and regulators.
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