Core CPI mein food aur energy ki volatile qeematein shamil nahin hotin aur policy tayar karte waqt central banks isi figure ko sab se zyada ehmiyat dete hain.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) yeh batata hai keh waqt ke sath cheezon aur services ke misali majmooe ke badlay consumers ki taraf se adaa ki janay wali qeematon mein ausatan kitni tabdeeli aayi hai. Is basket mein aam tor par rehayish, khoraak, naqal-o-hamal, healthcare, clothing aur tafreeh jaisi categories shamil hoti hain. Is basket ki kul lagat mein ek muddat se doosri muddat tak hone wali tabdeeli ko track kar keh CPI khareedari ki quwwat aur qeematon ki satah mein tabdeeliyon ko measure karne ka ek mayari paimana fraham karta hai.
Mukhtalif mumalik aur statistical agencies apne apne CPI measures shaya karte hain. United States mein, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) har mah Consumer Price Index baraye All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) jari karta hai, jo taqreeban 75 shehri ilaqon mein 80,000 qeematon ko track karta hai. Doosri barri maeeshatein bhi mukhtalif naamon se isi tarah ke indices shaya karti hain, lekin un ka bunyadi tareeqa aam tor par milta julta hota hai: ek weighted basket, ek base period aur waqtan fawaqtan sampling.
Deegar aam istemalat mein social security payments aur subsidized incomes ko adjust karna, labor contracts mein wage growth benchmarks set karna, aur nominal economic data (maslan GDP) ko inflation ke asraat se paak kar keh haqeeqi adad-o-shumar mein tabdeel karne ke liye bhi istemaal kiya jata hai.
CPI ka hisab lagane ke liye, base period ko ek reference point ki tarah muntakhib karein (100 par set karein). Is ke baad har aglay period ke liye darj zail formula istemaal kiya jata hai:
CPI = (Mojooda Basket Value / Base Period Basket Value) × 100
Neeche di gayi misaal yeh wazeh karti hai keh ek farzi basket ko istemaal karte hue 10 saal ke arsay mein kese kaam karta hai:
Saal | Basket Value | CPI |
2015 | $100 | 100 |
2016 | $102 | 102 |
2017 | $104 | 104 |
2018 | $107 | 107 |
2019 | $109 | 109 |
2020 | $110 | 110 |
2021 | $115 | 115 |
2022 | $124 | 124 |
2023 | $129 | 129 |
2024 | $133 | 133 |
Kisi bhi do auqat ke darmiyan inflation ya deflation rate maloom karne ke liye darj zail formula istemaal karein:
Inflation/Deflation Rate = ((Period 2 ka CPI − Period 1 ka CPI) / Period 1 ka CPI) × 100
Upar diye gaye table ka istemal kar keh: 2021 se 2022 ke darmiyan, inflation taqreeban 7.8% ((124 - 115) / 115 × 100) tak barh gayi thi. Yeh misaali pattern us douran United States ke CPI mein dekhe gaye haqeeqi izafay se kafi had tak milta julta hai, jis ki eham wajuhat mein COVID-19 pandemic ke baad supply chain mein paida hone wali rukawatein aur stimulus spending shamil thin.
Headline CPI mein cheezon aur services ka ek majmooa shamil hota hai, jis mein khorak aur tawanai ki qeematein bhi shamil hoti hain. In categories ki qeematein aksar kaafi utar chadhav ka shikar rehti hain, jo mausami demand, geopolitical events, ya supply mein achanak paida hone wali rukawaton ki wajah se ho sakta hai. Is ke bar'aks, Core CPI mein khorak aur tawanai ko shamil nahin kiya jata, taa keh qeematon ke bunyadi rujhanat ki ziada wazeh tasveer samne aa sake.
CPI reports crypto markets mein bohat qareebi tor par dekhe jane wale waqiyat ban chuke hain. Kiun keh digital assets ki qeematein interest rate ki mutawaqqa tabdeeliyon se kafi mutasir hoti hain, is liye agar CPI ki reading tawaqqu se ziada aaye, to aam tor par yeh is baat ka ishara hota hai keh interest rate cuts ke imkanaat kam ho gaye hain. Is ka natija yeh nikal sakta hai keh cryptocurrencies samait doosre risk assets ko qaleel muddat ke liye dabao ka samna karna parre.
2025 mein US CPI ki average taqreeban 2.6% rahi. Yeh 2022 aur 2023 mein dekhi gayi buland satah ke muqablay mein numaiyan kami thi, lekin phir bhi Federal Reserve ke 2% target se ziada thi. April 2026 mein CPI mein saalana bunyaad par 3.8% ka izafa record kiya gaya, jis mein energy ki barhti hui qeematein eham wajah thin. Is surat-e-haal ne qareebi muddat mein interest rate cuts ki tawaqquat ko kam kar diya. Yeh samajhna keh CPI ka data kis tarah interest rate ke faislon ko mutasir karta hai, crypto market ke participants ko macroeconomic factors ki wajah se hone wali price movements ko behtar andaaz mein samajhne mein madad deta hai.
CPI sirf hukoomaton aur central banks ke liye hi macroeconomic policy ke faislay karne ka ek aham zariya nahin hai, balkeh yeh consumers ke liye bhi mufeed hai. Is ki madad se woh samajh sakte hain ke waqt ke sath un ki buying power kis tarah tabdeel ho rahi hai aur inflation un ki rozmarra khareedari ki salahiyat par kis had tak asar daal raha hai.